Atrial Fibrillation and Diabetes: A Deadly Duo of Metabolic and Cardiac Disorders

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a common chronic metabolic disease affecting millions worldwide. Atrial fibrillation (AF) stands as the most common persistent irregular heart rhythm, elevating the likelihood of cardiac and cerebral complications. Recent studies have suggested that diabetes patients have a higher chance of developing AF, but the exact link between these two conditions is unclear. This review aims to thoroughly analyze the intricate relationship between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and atrial fibrillation (AF), prevalent chronic diseases significantly impacting public health. We delved into current evidence detailing how T2DM influences the electrical, structural, and functional aspects of the atria, heightening susceptibility and severity of AF.
Additionally, we delved into the clinical implications of T2DM and AF coexistence, revealing the elevated risks of stroke, heart failure, and cardiovascular death. Moreover, we investigated available treatment modalities for patients with both conditions, encompassing anti-diabetic and antiarrhythmic drugs alongside nonpharmacological interventions like cardioversion, catheter ablation, and direct current cardioversion. This review provides a comprehensive insight of the pathophysiology, epidemiology, diagnosis, prognosis, and management of T2DM and AF. It enhances our comprehension of the fundamental processes and possible treatment approaches for this complex situation, providing an invaluable asset for researchers engaged in this domain. By synthesizing current knowledge, we aspire to enhance patient care effectiveness and inspire future research in this domain.