Fungal Endophytes: A Potential Application in Integrated Plant Health Management

Fungal endophytes are asymptomatic inhabitants of plant tissues in most plant species, providing tissue-specific protection from disease and reducing crop yield losses by 30 to 50% annually. They can increase plant fitness by inhibiting biotic and abiotic stressors, promote plant growth and development, and reduce crop yield losses. Endophytes enhance plant resistance to fungal pathogens by strengthening cell walls, increasing photosynthesis and promoting plant defense responses. They produce antibacterial and antifungal compounds that protect plants against bacterial pathogens, such as javanicin, which is effective against Bacillus species and Escherichia coli. Endophytic fungi can produce broad-spectrum antimicrobial compounds, some of which can be used as biocontrol agents for phytopathogenic bacteria. They also reduce viral diseases by increasing plant defenses or preventing viruses from spreading. Plant-parasitic nematodes attack plant roots and stems, creating wounds through which secondary opportunistic fungal, bacterial, or viral pathogens can enter. Fungi can inhibit nematode growth and spread by producing nematocidal compounds, parasitizing nematode larvae, or using hyphal loops for nematode capture. Endophytic fungi are a rich source of novel natural compounds, have a high level of biodiversity, and may produce pharmaceutical-significant compounds. Further molecular research is necessary to facilitate the recognition of endophytes carrying host genes.