Etiology and microbiology of periodontal diseases: A review

Nowadays, there is a high prevalence of periodontal disease worldwide, and knowing the etiology is basic for its control. Biofilms that colonize the oral cavity are among the most complex of nature. Besides pathogenic microorganisms, genetic and environmental factors contribute to the development of this disease. Periodontal disease can be increased by several risk factors such as smoking, systemic diseases, medications such as steroids, antiepileptics, drugs for cancer therapy, poor placement of dental bridges, dental crowding, lack of teeth, pregnancy and contraceptive use. The objective of this review is to provide an overview of periodontal disease, as well as the microbiology aspects of this worldwide prevalent oral infection.